PARIS, March 16, 2021 (BSS/AFP) – Deadly small particle pollution in four of
five nations exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations last
year despite Covid lockdowns, according to a report released Tuesday.
The partial or complete shutdown of transport and industry for months at a
time in 2020 reduced average levels of so-called PM2.5 pollution across the
world, including in major cities, the IQAir quality report found.
Concentrations of the life-shortening particles — cast off by traffic
pollution and burning fossil fuels — dropped 11 percent in Beijing, 13
percent in Chicago, 15 percent in New Delhi, 16 percent in London, and 16
percent in Seoul.
At least 60 percent of India’s cities were more breathable last year than
in 2019, and all of them had cleaner air than in 2018.
“Many parts of the world experienced unprecedented — but short-lived —
improvements in air quality in 2020,” said Lauri Myllyvirta, lead analyst at
the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) and co-author of the
report.
“This meant tens of thousands of avoided deaths from air pollution.”
But only 24 of 106 countries monitored met WHO safety guidelines, said the
report, based on the world’s largest database of ground-level air pollution
measurements.
China and many South Asian nations experienced PM2.5 pollution several time
greater than WHO recommended thresholds, and in some regions the
concentration was six to eight times higher.
Twenty-two of the world’s more polluted cities are in India.
Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Mongolia and Afghanistan averaged annual PM2.5
concentrations between 77 and 47 microgrammes per cubic metre (mcg/m3) of
air.
– Deep into the lungs –
The UN says PM2.5 density should not top 25 mcg/m3 in any 24-hour period,
or 10 mcg/m3 averaged across an entire year.
The most polluted capital cities in the world last year were New Delhi (84
mcg/m3) and Dhaka (77), with Jakarta, Kathmandu, Islamabad, Hanoi and Beijing
all in the top 20.
About half of all European cities exceed WHO’s suggested limits.
Air pollution levels were made worse in 2020 — tied for the hottest year
on record — by climate change, the report noted.
Wildfires fuelled by scorching heatwaves led to extremely high pollution
levels in California, South America and Australia.
Air pollution shortens lives worldwide by nearly three years on average,
and causes more than eight million premature deaths annually, earlier studies
have found.
The WHO calculates 4.2 million deaths from outdoor air pollution, but has
underestimated the impact on cardiovascular disease, recent research has
shown.
Average lifespan is cut 4.1 years in China, 3.9 years in India, and 3.8
years in Pakistan.
In Europe, life expectancy is shortened by eight months.
PM2.5 particles penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream. In
2013, the WHO classified it as a cancer-causing agent.
“This report highlights that urgent action is both possible and necessary,”
said IQAir CEO Frank Hammes.
Compared to other causes of premature death, air pollution worldwide kills
19 times more people each year than malaria, nine times more than HIV/AIDS,
and three times more than alcohol.