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US-GREENLAND-CLIMATE-RESEARCH
Researchers calculate decades of ‘scary’ Greenland ice melting
WASHINGTON, April 23, 2019 (BSS/AFP) – Measuring melting ice is a fairly
precise business in 2019 — thanks to satellites, weather stations and
sophisticated climate models.
By the 1990s and 2000s, scientists were able to make pretty good
estimates, although work from previous decades was unreliable due to less
advanced technology.
Now, researchers have recalculated the amount of ice lost in Greenland
since 1972, the year the first Landsat satellites entered orbit to regularly
photograph the Danish territory.
“When you look at several decades, it is best to sit back in your chair
before looking at the results, because it is a bit scary to see how fast it
is changing,” said French glaciologist Eric Rignot, of the University of
California at Irvine.
Rignot co-authored the study, published in the Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS),with colleagues in
California, Grenoble, Utrecht and Copenhagen.
“It’s also something that affects the four corners of Greenland, not just
the warmer parts in the south,” he said.
– Ice melting six times faster –
Glaciologists use three methods to measure ice melting.
Firstly, satellites measure altitude with a laser: if a glacier melts, the
satellite picks up its reduced height.
A second technique involves measuring variations in gravity, as ice loss
can be detected through a decrease in gravitational pull. This method has
been available since 2002 using NASA satellites.
Thirdly, scientists have developed so-called mass balance models, which
compare mass accumulated (rain and snow) with mass lost (ice river
discharges) to calculate what is left.
These models, confirmed with field measurements, have become very reliable
since the 2000s, according to Rignot — boasting a five to seven percent
margin of error, compared to 100 percent a few decades ago.
The research team used these models to “go back in time” and reconstruct
Greenland’s ice levels in the 1970s and 1980s.
The limited data available for this period — medium-quality satellite
photos, aerial photos, ice cores and other observations — helped refine
them.
“We added a little bit of history that did not exist,” said Rignot.
The results: during the 1970s, Greenland accumulated 47 gigatonnes of ice
per year, on average. Then, it lost an equivalent volume in the 1980s.
The melting continued at that rate in the 1990s, before a sharp
acceleration in the 2000s (187 Gt/year) and even more since 2010 (286
Gt/year).
Ice is melting six times faster than in the 1980s, researchers estimate —
and Greenland’s glaciers alone have contributed to a 13.7 millimeter rise in
sea levels since 1972, they believe.
“This is an excellent piece of work by a well-established research group
using novel methods to extract more information from the available data”,
said Colin Summerhayes, of the Scott Polar Research Institute in Cambridge.
As with a similar study carried out by the same team on Antarctica, the
new study affords a longer term view of the rapid ice melt being observed in
Greenland in recent years.
“This new data better enables us to put recent, dramatic, changes to
Greenland’s contribution to global sea level rise into a longer-term context
— the ice loss we’ve seen in the last eight years is as much as was lost in
the preceding four decades,” said Amber Leeson, a lecturer in Environmental
Data Science at Lancaster University.
BSS/AFP/MSY/0946 hrs